When publishers think about their identity spine, the focus is often on coverage, accuracy, and match rates. But there is another dimension that’s just as critical, and often overlooked: flexibility.

Your audience data, your AdTech stack, and your business goals are always evolving. What you decide today as your “primary” identifiers might not be the right choice six months from now. The question is, when those needs change, do you have the freedom to adapt on your terms, or are you locked into a costly, time-consuming rebuild?

The problem with rigid graphs

In most identity graph implementations, the structure is fixed the moment data is ingested. Your linkage rules, such as which IDs are considered primary and which are fallback, are baked into the schema. If you want to make a change, you often need to:

• Re-ingest and re-process your entire visitor dataset
• Rebuild linkages from scratch
• Pause other projects while the engineering team manages the migration

For publishers managing large volumes of historical and real-time 1st party data, this rigidity creates operational drag. Every re-ingest is costly in terms of infrastructure resources, internal effort, and time to market.

Flexibility by design with Optable

With Optable, flexibility is built into the core of how identity resolution works. You can change primary identifiers at any time, adjust linkage rules to accommodate new data sources or advertising use cases, and apply different scopes of resolution. Scopes give you the freedom to tailor how identity is managed for different objectives, ensuring that activation and enrichment each work the way you need, without reloading or migrating data.

The Optable platform is built around schema on read. Instead of locking your data into a rigid structure when it is ingested, the platform continuously evaluates and resolves your ID graph data into a normalized list of visitor records based on your latest configuration every time it is accessed.

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Why schema on read matters

For the non-technical stakeholders among us, schema on read means the platform interprets the data’s structure at query time rather than load time. This is especially advantageous in a fragmented publisher environment because it:

• Works with mixed data sources, including batch, real-time, and warehoused
• Adapts instantly when new identifiers or linkages are introduced
• Avoids downtime and heavy ETL cycles when changes are needed

For programmatic and yield leaders, this translates into agility. You can test new audience strategies, onboard different partners, or pivot targeting rules without waiting on long engineering sprints.

Adapting as you learn

Your identity strategy will evolve as you learn. You might start with hashed emails as your primary key, then later shift to a deterministic on-site identifier, or you might add probabilistic linkages for specific activation use cases.

With a flexible identity graph hosted by Optable, those changes are configuration updates, not re-architecture projects. Scopes make this adaptability even more powerful: you can fine-tune identity resolution for one use case without disrupting another. That means you can test, learn, and optimize with confidence, improving performance while keeping operations streamlined.

The takeaway

A flexible identity graph is not just a technical convenience; it’s a business advantage. It allows you to:

• Respond faster to changes in data availability and privacy regulations
• Unlock new monetization and activation use cases faster
• Align identity resolution with your business goals using configurable scopes
• Reduce the operational overhead of managing your audience data

If you are building or rethinking your identity solution, ask yourself: will this graph adapt with me, or will it hold me back? With Optable, you can ensure it is built to adapt.

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For many publishers, there are really two stories of AI.

The first is the dark one: the story of web publishers whose content is scraped, remixed, and redistributed without compensation. It threatens the very foundation of the open and free web. A web that, in large part, is funded by advertising.

The second story is brighter, and it’s the one I want to focus on here. It’s the story of publishers and advertisers leveraging modern AI. More specifically, large language models (LLMs), autonomous agents, and expert assistants that can help to better align marketing goals with audiences.

Both stories matter. But let’s stay with the second one for a change.

Why AI?

When we first started experimenting with LLMs, my mental model was simple: imagine platform workflows augmented by a digital advertising version of Clippy. Smart assistants that could translate natural language into SQL queries, run an audience model, or generate a campaign report. Some of these assistants would be useful, others less so, especially since, as I’ve learned, humans will do almost anything to avoid having to talk to a bot. But the picture was still one of “tools that help humans get stuff done.”

Now that we’ve been at this for some time, the more exciting question has emerged: what happens when these assistants aren’t just helpers, but collaborators?

Allow me a quick digression. Having been around digital advertising for a while (and perhaps this is the old man in me talking), I remember when advertisers and publishers actually talked about ad campaigns. Communication often happened over email, sometimes on the phone. Video calls weren’t the norm yet. The cast of characters included publisher sales reps and media agency buyers, with ad ops, analysts, and data teams on both sides.

Sounds inefficient, right? And it was. But there was a benefit to that complexity: when decent people talk directly, trust and accountability come built in. You tend to share more about your actual goals. You try harder to make things work. Reputation and repeat business were always on the line.

Fast forward to today: real-time auctions have brought incredible efficiencies, but they’ve also eroded some of that organic incentive alignment. The frictionless protocol stripped away some of the humanity and creativity that is core to advertising.

So here’s the emerging question: putting aside cost of sale and scale challenges for a moment, what if advertisers and agencies could once again design and run campaigns by interacting more directly. Not just with humans, but with agents acting on behalf of humans, using the same kind of natural language to exchange thoughts and ideas and help align goals and objectives? Could this better align advertiser goals with audiences? Could it make advertising feel better, behave better, work better?

That’s worth getting excited about.

What We’ve Learned So Far

Working with LLMs has taught us something both obvious and profound: they are dazzling at simulation, but shallow at self-awareness. They can produce fluent, convincing responses and even mimic reasoning, but they have no reflexive capacity to recognize when they’ve gone astray. The outputs can be brilliant in one moment and dangerously wrong in the next, with equal confidence.

This duality means that while LLMs can simulate many human workflows, from drafting creative copy to parsing data schemas, they must be deployed carefully. They thrive when given the right scaffolding: a contained problem space, clear context, and a well-bounded objective. Left unconstrained, they risk drifting, fabricating, or amplifying error.

That’s why the path forward hasn’t been about building one all-knowing digital assistant, but rather assembling constellations of specialized agents. Each is trained or prompted for a narrow domain of competence: a media planning agent, a data transformation agent, an audience segmentation agent. These agents are better behaved precisely because their world is smaller and the teams building them can impart context and create clear guardrails based on deep domain knowledge. Instead of asking them to “understand everything,” we’re asking them to execute well-defined tasks within a shared environment.

Of course, even narrow specialists are only as useful as their ability to work together. And this leads to the bigger frontier.

Agentic Collaboration in Digital Advertising

If specialized agents are the components, collaboration is the system. Real work rarely lives inside the walls of a single agent. Planning a campaign, for instance, may begin with a creative brief that must be interpreted by one agent, handed to another to model against audience data, and then routed to yet another to generate media plans and validate them against inventory. Without coordination, this quickly becomes chaos.

This is why the idea of Agentic Collaboration is so compelling. It is not enough to build competent agents; we need ways for them to communicate, to delegate, to negotiate, and to reconcile. Inside an organization, this means establishing frameworks where multiple agents can operate on the same context, share state, and pass tasks fluidly without losing fidelity. Across organizations, the challenge becomes even more interesting: what happens when an advertiser’s agents need to converse directly with a publisher’s agents, or when third-party specialist agents need to be introduced into the workflow?

At that point, protocols matter. Just as real-time bidding was only possible once the industry coalesced around shared protocols and standards for describing inventory, price, and demand, agentic collaboration will require structures for intent, context, and trust. Compelling new protocols such as MCP and A2A have emerged to support a new infrastructure across our industry. If agents are to transact meaningfully on behalf of their human principals, we will need conventions for verifying what they can and cannot do, and for ensuring that their exchanges reflect not just efficiency, but accountability.

The product implication is enormous. Platforms like Optable’s are no longer just facilitating data exchange or workflow automation; they are becoming the medium in which agents collaborate. That means exposing enough functionality and data to make collaboration useful, while constraining enough to keep it safe and aligned. It means thinking carefully about how agents identify themselves, how they signal authority, and how they fail gracefully when they don’t know the answer.

If this sounds familiar, it should. In some sense, we are circling back to the kind of direct communication that once characterized the industry only now, the conversations are mediated by software agents that can operate at machine scale and speed. Done well, this can fundamentally upgrade the methods to establish trust, alignment, and shared understanding in digital advertising.

What We’re Up To

At Optable, our starting point was building a platform where publishers and advertisers could collaborate transparently on data, without intermediaries diluting the signal or hoarding the value. That same conviction now extends naturally into the world of AI.

Agentic collaboration, to us, is not about replacing humans. It’s about restoring what was lost when programmatic scaled: the trust and alignment that come from two parties working directly toward a shared objective. The difference is that now, agents can help scale those conversations across thousands of campaigns, billions of impressions, and an ecosystem that demands both speed and precision.

Our role is to provide the medium where this can happen safely, particularly from the perspective of publishers, the creators that make the free internet possible, and the custodians of user and audience data. That means building the infrastructure where specialized agents, some ours, some yours, some built by our partners, can meet, exchange, and work together under clear rules. It means designing protocols that enforce accountability and safeguard data, while allowing creativity and experimentation to flourish. And it means ensuring that when agents collaborate across organizational boundaries, they are still serving the fundamental goals of the humans they represent.

This isn’t just a product roadmap. It’s a philosophy. Advertising at its best has always been about connection: between brand and audience, between publisher and advertiser. By enabling agentic collaboration, we have the opportunity to bring that connection into the AI era not by automating away the conversation, but by amplifying it.

We’re still at the beginning of this journey, but beginnings matter. And if history has taught us anything, it’s that the structures we design now, meaning the protocols, the incentives, the norms, will shape the industry for decades to come. Our intention is to help shape them in a way that makes advertising more accountable, more collaborative, and, ultimately, more human.

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As third-party cookies, mobile ad IDs, and IP-based tracking fade into obsolescence, media companies are being forced to rethink how they reach, understand, and monetize audiences. For publishers, ad networks, and media owners, the loss of shared identifiers is no longer just a compliance issue—it’s a direct challenge to revenue.

But here’s the opportunity: addressability isn't gone—it’s evolving. And those who build flexible, privacy-first identity strategies will be the ones who win the next phase of audience monetization.

Want the full roadmap to building your identity strategy? Download our Sell Side Guide to Identity for a deep dive into building first-party infrastructure, evaluating identity partners, and activating audiences across programmatic and direct channels.

Addressability Isn’t One ID—It’s a System

Historically, publishers leaned on a shared set of identifiers—cookies, MAIDs, and shared IPs—to reach users across the web. That model is breaking down. Today, addressability is about creating direct, trusted connections with your audience—and making those connections measurable and monetizable.

To stay competitive, publishers must:

• Rely more on first-party data collected through authenticated logins, subscriptions, and engagement signals
• Use multiple identity frameworks (UID2,Yahoo Connect ID, Criteo ID, PubLink, ID5, NetID, etc.) depending on the buyer or channel
• Enforce privacy rules and consent management at the foundation of every audience interaction

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Identity = 1P Data and Enrichment, Not Just IDs

A strong identity framework isn’t just about having an ID for every user—it’s about composing a blend of high-quality signals that allow for targeting, measurement, and collaboration. These include:

• First-party signals: logins, hashed emails, page visits, subscriptions, preferences
• Third-party enrichment: demographics, interests, behaviors from verified external sources
• Contextual and engagement data: what users are reading, watching, or clicking

The more intentionally these signals are combined, the more addressable—and valuable—your inventory becomes.

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Managing Multiple IDs Across Channels

Not every ID works everywhere. UID2 might perform better in programmatic web auctions, while Publisher PAIR ID or PubLink are better suited for authenticated environments or clean rooms. That’s why leading publishers are moving toward supporting multiple identity providers—a flexible setup that:

• Routes different IDs and signals based on buyer, channel, and compliance
• Suppresses or enhances signals based on consent and privacy rules
• Enables interoperability across SSPs, clean rooms, and measurement platforms

Think of it as adopting tools that make it possible to activate the right identity in the right channel, while remaining privacy-compliant.

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Proving ROI: Identity-Driven Monetization in Action

The most successful teams treat identity not as a backend system—but as a frontline revenue strategy. When implemented effectively, identity unlocks tangible value:

• Higher CPMs and fill rates through enriched bid requests
• Stronger direct deals thanks to better audience insights and curated packages
• Improved campaign performance when activating audiences in clean rooms
• Better measurement and feedback loops that inform data-driven optimization

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Start With What You Have—and Build Strategically

You already have the foundation: your audience, your content, and your data. Now it’s time to compose your identity graph in a way that delivers measurable business outcomes. Start with deterministic identifiers. Layer on enrichment where it matters. Integrate flexible technology that’s privacy-compliant and future-ready. Read our step-by-step guide on how to build a first-party identity graph.

The era of easy targeting is over. But the era of intentional, high-impact addressability is just beginning.

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Learn More about Addressable Advertising

For tactical steps, team checklists, and monetization best practices, download the Sell Side Guide to Identity and start building your addressable advantage today.

The interview below was created in the partership with Beeler.Tech team and Rob Beeler. You can find the original publication on the Beeler.Tech's blog here.

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Third-party cookies are on life support. Programmatic is evolving fast. And the only thing publishers can truly control? Their data. That’s where identity strategy becomes the make-or-break factor.

Recently, Rob Beeler sat down with Alexandre Guertin-Aird, VP of Customer Solutions at Optable, to talk about how leading publishers are rethinking identity, enrichment, and monetization.

Whether you're building your first-party graph from scratch, or trying to squeeze more out of your existing setup, Alexandre offers a clear view into what works, what doesn’t, and where the real ROI is hiding.

Rob: I agree that the first step in building an identity strategy is to determine goals and requirements, but I know people struggle at this phase, in part because it spans multiple departments. What have you seen some of your best clients do that helped them nail this phase?

Alexandre: The most consistent pattern we see is strong internal ownership. The clients who succeed in this phase usually have a clear internal champion - someone who understands the strategic importance of identity and takes accountability across teams. That person might sit in product, audience development, adops, or even revenue - what matters is that they have the mandate and persistence to drive alignment.

In more complex organizations, this leader often needs executive sponsorship - from a CRO, CDO, or head of digital - to break down silos. We’ve seen this work incredibly well across organizations like Unity, Hearst, and SJC. These teams didn’t treat identity like a “tech project.” They started with the business case - how it impacts revenue, profitability, and growth. Then, they built cross-functional working groups that included stakeholders from audience, adops, legal, data engineering, and product strategy. That early alignment is what sets the foundation for long-term success.

Rob: Success can take many different forms, and you outline several success metrics to help align expectations. For many people advocating for investment in this area, quick wins are key. What’s some low-hanging fruit most publishers can go after?

Alexandre: The quickest path to ROI is typically through injecting more signal into the programmatic bid stream using the publisher’s own identity graph. We’ve seen clear lifts in CPMs and fill rates when more signal is present - it’s one of the most immediate levers publishers can pull when it comes to addressability.

The challenge is that publishers either feel they don't have enough first-party data to make a difference, or they don't have the technical resources to manage the integrations (or a combination of both). To solve this, we developed our ID Switchboard solution, which simplifies integration with both enrichment sources and alternative ID frameworks. It removes the friction and technical overhead that many publishers face. With this approach, we've seen publishers report 4-7% lifts in open programmatic revenue, and ROI often multiplies 5x within just a few months.

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There are other tools that offer similar capabilities, but many come with costly rev-share models. We believe publishers should own their own graph. That control unlocks not only immediate monetization, but also sets the stage for audience enrichment and data collaboration strategies down the road.

Rob: Of the steps outlined, where do you feel most publishers need to spend more time than they anticipate?

Alexandre: Great question, and there’s no one-size-fits-all answer. The big one is developing a cohesive ad monetization strategy that unifies both direct and programmatic sales. The old playbook of direct for premium, and programmatic for remnant inventory, doesn’t apply anymore. DealIDs, cookie deprecation, and agency curation have blurred those lines.

Today, publishers must manage multiple demand channels - including fellow media owners! - and think critically about rate card strategy, yield management, and channel conflict. Publishers who work hard to align their internal monetization teams, and treat identity as core infrastructure rather than an afterthought, will see great results in both the long and short term.

Another important factor is ensuring that the programmatic setup is technically sound. Too many calls on the page can lead to errors, latency, or other unexpected behaviors that can ultimately prevent the enrichment of bid requests.

Rob: There are so many identifiers in the marketplace and it feels like buyers are using all of them. Should publishers focus on just a few major ones, or try to integrate as many as possible?

Alexandre: This is a great follow-up to the previous question because it highlights the need for publishers to think strategically and long-term when selecting identity partners. Not all IDs are created equal - some are better integrated with programmatic, whereas others shine in direct-sold environments. For example, if premium ad deals are a priority, it makes sense to focus on identifiers that are well-integrated with direct channels, not just programmatic. From there, other factors come into play - such as security, transparency, buy-side adoption, coverage across key markets, and whether the ID can be implemented into header bidding setups.

At Optable, our customer success and solutions teams work closely with publishers to navigate this complexity, often by running tests across multiple identifiers. We always recommend working with a select mix of partners to maximize coverage and flexibility. Testing is essential, but the strategy should be deliberate, not just additive.

Rob: How can I collaborate with identity enrichment partners and integrate my own first-party data into the mix, ensuring my inventory stands out? Is that possible… and practical?

Alexandre: Not only is it possible - it’s one of the most common use cases we support. It starts with building a first-party identity graph, which means centralizing your data and resolving it into identity clusters. With Optable, publishers can use SDKs, APIs, and direct integrations to onboard and resolve data in a privacy-safe way.

We’ve built a flexible architecture that supports enrichment both in real time and in batches. We also normalize and prune third-party datasets automatically, so publishers aren’t wasting internal resources on manual data cleanup.

To preserve integrity, we recommend publishers maintain separate graphs for third-party enrichment data - this protects the core identity graph while still leveraging enrichment to enhance addressability.

Once the graph is live, Optable’s ID Switchboard becomes a unified, dynamic dataset that can support many use cases, and allows publishers to inject identity signals into bid requests using a wide array of alternative ID frameworks - like UID 2.0, Yahoo Connect ID, or Criteo Encrypted HEM. This makes inventory more addressable, improves advertiser targeting, and ultimately drives higher yield - all while staying privacy-compliant.

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What’s Next for You?

Whether you’re a publisher with deep first-party data, or just beginning your identity journey, one theme is clear: strategy trumps tools. Identity isn’t a tech project - it’s a business initiative that requires internal champions, cross-functional collaboration, and deliberate planning. As Alexandre emphasizes, publishers who build for flexibility and ownership today are the ones best positioned to grow, adapt, and win tomorrow.

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What is Identity Resolution? Unlocking Audience Data for Publishers

In the evolving digital ecosystem, users are interacting across an increasing number of devices and sites. Privacy regulations, such as GDPR and CCPA, are shifting privacy practices. New browser technologies are designed to limit cross-site tracking, and the use of third-party cookies is declining.

As these factors reshape the data landscape, publishers and media owners face a fundamental shift in how they collect and use audience information. This calls for new approaches to connect fragmented data while addressing privacy concerns. By turning these challenges into strategic opportunities, publishers can gain a competitive edge.

Today, robust first-party identity solutions are essential for publishers. ID resolution is a foundational process that integrates dispersed user data from websites, applications, and streaming platforms. This technique matches disparate data points from various sources to form a cohesive, privacy-compliant view of individuals. The process typically involves linking anonymous identifiers like device IDs and IP addresses with known signals such as login credentials and email addresses.

With reliable identity resolution, publishers can enhance targeting and personalization. This enables them to gain valuable audience insights, drive monetization, and protect user trust. By establishing these connections, publishers can more accurately recognize and track visitors across sessions, browsers, and devices, even when traditional identifiers are unavailable. 

“Identity resolution is the process of integrating identifiers across available touchpoints and devices with behavior, transaction, and contextual information into a cohesive and addressable consumer profile for marketing analysis, orchestration, and delivery.” – Forrester

ID resolution often uses advanced algorithms and machine learning (ML) to connect  scattered data points with the right individual. This helps to build a more complete understanding of their digital behavior. This can take place in real time, such as when someone visits a website or app, enabling immediate personalization of their experience and delivering targeted messaging. 

For publishers, a more unified view of their visitors unlocks the ability to maintain a holistic understanding of their audience to:

• Better forecast & analyze their advertising inventory 
• Tie interactions together to deliver more relevant content
• Foster stronger, more personalized audience relationships grounded in trust
• Reduce data fragmentation and minimize signal loss
• Optimize ad targeting and subscription strategies

The Importance of ID Resolution: Maximizing Data and Insights to Enhance Experiences and Grow Revenue

For publishers, resolving identity is key for increasing audience engagement and revenue to stay competitive in a privacy-focused landscape. A unified view of individuals is foundational for successful digital publishing strategies and sustained  growth.

Publishers rely heavily on advertising revenue to sustain their operations and fund quality content. Accurate identity resolution enables more effective audience segmentation, forecasting, and targeting, leading to more customized advertising plans and better performance for advertisers. By capturing demographics, interests, behavioral patterns, and preferences, publishers can command higher rates and drive better campaign performance. 

People frequently jump between mobile apps, desktop browsers, emails, and over-the-top (OTT) streaming platforms throughout their daily routines. Without identity resolution, publishers see only fragmented snapshots of visitor behavior, making it nearly impossible to understand the end-to-end journey or accurately attribute conversions and engagement.

ID resolution consolidates these fragmented sessions into individual visitor profiles. These cross-platform insights enable data-driven decision-making that improves content strategy, informs resource prioritization, and enhances overall audience activation efforts.

With accurate identity resolution, publishers and advertisers unlock opportunities for deeper engagement and can move beyond one-size-fits-all strategies to deliver personalized recommendations and relevant offers based on an audience's interests, behaviors, and purchase history.

How Identity Resolution Works: Crafting Real-Time Visitor Journeys for Dynamic Personalization

ID resolution is based on the core processes of data collection, matching, and real-time recognition to deliver personalized experiences and smarter ad targeting.

Data Collection and Ingestion

The process of identity management begins with collecting user data from multiple touchpoints, including owned platforms like websites, apps, and CRMs, as well as data warehouses where visitor data may also live. This data falls into two main categories: deterministic identifiers and probabilistic signals.

Deterministic identifiers, such as email addresses, phone numbers, and audience IDs, are explicit, verifiable pieces of information directly linked to individuals. These identifiers offer high accuracy for matching and identity resolution, but they can be challenging to scale due to their limited availability. To overcome this, organizations often rely on first-party data networks that aggregate these identifiers.

Probabilistic signals, like device types, IP addresses, browser versions, and behavioral patterns, provide likely – though not certain – matches to user identities. This approach analyzes patterns and similarities across channels and devices, enabling broader coverage and faster scaling of identity graphs, but with less precision than deterministic methods.

After collection, all data is ingested into centralized systems such as data warehouses or customer data platforms (CDPs), where identity resolution takes place. By combining deterministic and probabilistic data, organizations can construct unified visitor profiles from both authenticated and anonymous traffic.

Data Matching and Identity Graphing

Once data is collected and ingested, it is matched and organized into an identity graph – a dynamic database that stores relationships between identifiers and known profiles. The identity graph connects multiple data points to a single identity using a combination of exact and probabilistic matching. 

Advanced identity resolution systems use ML algorithms to analyze these patterns and refine matches over time. These systems can distinguish between visitors with similar behaviors and recognize the same individual across sessions, even without explicit login events.

Identity graphs evolve as new data is collected and as users interact with different platforms and devices. Continuous updates and optimization processes ensure that the identity graph remains accurate and compliant. 

Publishers oftentimes do not limit themselves to one graph. They maintain a distinct identity graph for their first-party data with authenticated traffic, while creating another one for second-party and first-party data for licenses or partnerships. 

Profile Unification

After successful identity resolution, all relevant data is merged into a single, unified profile. This profile consolidates demographic information, behavioral insights, and engagement history across channels.

Profile unification enables the creation of a “golden record” – a single, consistent version of visitor data that all internal systems can access and update in real time. This unified profile eliminates data silos and provides a 360-degree view of each user.

Activation and Real-Time Recognition

Real-time identity activation transforms static data into actionable insights. Modern ID resolution platforms allow publishers to instantly recognize and identify visitors as soon as they interact with a website or app. This real-time recognition unlocks the potential for immediate personalization and tailored experiences that reflect each visitor’s journey. 

These real-time platforms seamlessly integrate with marketing automation tools, personalization engines, customer data platforms (CDPs), and advertising systems. By activating identity data across these connected systems, organizations can orchestrate consistent messaging and cohesive experiences throughout the entire customer journey at every touchpoint.

Benefits of Identity Resolution

• Builds a unified, persistent audience profile by recognizing visitors across different apps and platforms, including during anonymous browsing. This comprehensive view of the audience enables smarter monetization strategies
• Improves decision-making about advertising effectiveness by equipping publishers with more precise audience segmentation, campaign targeting, and performance analysis. Helps publishers maximize monetization across subscriptions, affiliate revenues, and advertising by optimizing user journeys based on individual preferences
• Maximizes ad revenue by identifying and forecasting targetable, high-value audiences for advertisers through rich audience segments based on demographics, behavior, and intent
• Helps publishers build customized ad campaigns by combining identity graphs with data clean room technologies
• Increases programmatic deals that offer more precise targeting capabilities and direct-sold advertising with guaranteed reach to known, high-value users
• Strengthens consumer trust by enforcing privacy, governance, and compliance standards, honoring user preferences and managing opt-outs effectively
• Positions publishers to adapt quickly and compete effectively in a changing digital landscape
• Future-proofs business strategies by shifting away from third-party data toward enriched first-party profiles. It enables subscription and membership growth through recognition of high-intent users, optimized conversion paths, and development of contextual and hybrid targeting models

Maximize Targeting Accuracy: Choosing Identity Resolution Software and Tools

Identity resolution is emerging as a key tool that helps publishers move beyond reliance on fragmented or outdated identifiers. Solution providers need to offer flexible methods of matching that respect user privacy while maintaining targeting accuracy.

When selecting an ID resolution partner, publishers should look for solutions that offer:

• Seamless data integration: The identity resolution solution efficiently and securely ingests audience data from both online and offline sources into a centralized platform, ensuring all data is aligned and accessible in one place.
• Advanced identity graphs: ID resolution platforms should integrate proprietary frameworks that enhance each profile by linking various identifiers, behavioral events, and relevant third-party data. These identity graphs should be dynamic and adaptive, evolving to incorporate behavioral signals, contextual data, and consent frameworks for a more complete user picture.
• ID Framework interoperability: The platforms shouldn’t rely on just one ID system. They should work across multiple frameworks (eg, UID2, ID5, RampID) to ensure broader compatibility and scalable partner collaboration across the advertising supply chain.
• Ongoing identity matching and maintenance: Modern tools within customer data platforms need to have the ability to continuously unify data by removing duplicates, performing intelligent matches, anonymizing sensitive details, and suppressing outdated or incorrect entries. This ensures each profile remains accurate and reflects real-time changes as new data flows in.
• Source & destination integrations: The solution needs to provide interoperability that enables smooth connectivity with external tools and platforms across the marketing and AdTech ecosystem to amplify the value and utility of resolved identity data.
• Built-in compliance controls: The vendor’s platform must safeguard publishers, advertisers, and users with integrated privacy and security measures that align with global data protection standards and regional requirements.
• Future-proofing capabilities: Vendor and ecosystem partners need to have capabilities to adopt and integrate artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) to increase the speed and accuracy of profile matching. In addition, a focus on evolving data governance frameworks and cross-functional collaboration models ensures that identity data remains accurate, secure, and responsibly used as technology and regulations evolve.

By prioritizing these capabilities, publishers can harness identity resolution to stay ahead in a privacy-first, data-driven landscape.

Powering Effective, Comprehensive Identity Resolution with Optable

Identity resolution is the essential bridge between a publisher’s data and how individuals interact across devices and channels. Optable delivers robust ID resolution by seamlessly connecting visitor data from every touchpoint, empowering publishers to engage audiences in real time and drive growth. With built-in integrations, support for interoperable identity frameworks, a compliance focus, and secure clean room applications, Optable helps publishers activate audiences confidently and adapt to evolving industry standards.

By choosing Optable, publishers invest in a scalable, future-proof solution built for today’s and tomorrow’s digital challenges and opportunities. Get in touch with us to learn more about how Optable can support identity resolution.

Bellow, we offer a brief overview on where to start with auditing your data and authentication strategies to adopt. To access the full guide with more details, recommendations, best practices, and case studies, download the Sell Side Guide to Identity here.  

Why Authenticated Audiences Are the Future

As the digital landscape evolves beyond third-party cookies and universal identifiers, authenticated users are becoming publishers’ most critical asset. Logged-in and known audiences enable better targeting, more accurate measurement, and stronger advertiser demand. With authenticated users, publishers have access to rich first-party data that can be consistently tied to a single individual across sessions and devices, enabling deeper user profiles and long-term engagement. This level of transparency and consented data usage also allows publishers to deliver relevant content and advertising experiences, which drives higher user satisfaction and improved campaign performance.

To succeed in this shift, publishers must take ownership of their identity strategy. This means proactively defining how user data is collected, governed, and activated across the organization rather than relying on legacy systems or third-party partners to fill in the gaps. But before jumping into new tools or platforms, it's essential to fully understand the current state of your data. Without a clear picture of where your data lives and how it's managed, even the best identity strategy will fall short. Learn the first steps to take when building an identity graph.

Laying the Groundwork: Audit, Organize, and Close the Gaps

A successful identity framework starts with foundational work. You need a clear understanding of what data you have, where it's stored, and how it can be activated.

1. Locate and Organize Data

Start by mapping your data ecosystem. Identify the following:

• Which platforms collect and store your audience data
• What tools manage it (CRM, CMS, analytics, etc.)
• Where silos exist across departments or vendor systems
  

Once documented, consolidate your data into a centralized repository—whether it’s your own data warehouse or through a specialized platform provider. This unified foundation will power your identity graph and activation strategy. By bringing all relevant data sources into one place, publishers can reduce silos, improve data accuracy, and enable faster access for downstream tools such as customer data platforms, ad servers, and analytics systems.

2. Evaluate Identifiers and Their Usability

Not all identifiers are equally valuable or interoperable. Focus on those that are deterministically acquired and portable across environments. Deterministic identifiers such as email addresses and login IDs provide a higher level of accuracy and reliability compared with probabilistic or inferred IDs. Ensuring portability across devices, platforms, and partners allows for seamless audience targeting and measurement. By auditing both collected first-party and licensed data, you can identify which identifiers are most usable and where you have gaps.

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3. Understand Identity Gaps

Assess how much of your audience is already identifiable. It is important to determine the share of authenticated users with usable first-party identifiers and the portion of anonymous or unmatchable users. Those who engage with your content but cannot yet be tied to a verified identity can reveal gaps in your data collection and opportunities to convert them into known users.

This gap analysis is critical in shaping both your short-term activation strategy and your longer-term authentication approach, as it highlights where your current data falls short, which user segments are underrepresented, and which identifiers need strengthening. By understanding these gaps, you can prioritize immediate actions to better engage identifiable users while simultaneously planning initiatives that will increase authenticated user coverage over time.

Growing Authenticated Engagement

With identity gaps identified, publishers can focus on expanding their base of known users through smart, user-friendly engagement strategies. Below are a few examples.

Authentication Tactics That Work

• Platform Logins
  Offer login options via trusted platforms like Google, Apple, or Facebook for easy access and high-quality data capture.
  
• Premium Subscriptions
  Use content gating or service upgrades to encourage subscriptions and collect reliable identifiers.
  
• Email Subscriptions
  Capture email addresses through newsletters or updates. These opt-ins provide a consistent and high-value ID for identity graphs.
  
• Contests & Gated Experiences
  Run interactive campaigns like sweepstakes, polls, or fantasy leagues that require login or registration. These help expand your known audience with minimal friction.‍
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Learn More: The Sell Side Guide to Identity

The steps outlined here are just the starting point. For a more in-depth understanding on how to enhance identity strategies, explore Optable’s Sell Side Guide to Identity, which includes:

• Practical frameworks for auditing and organizing data
  
• A breakdown of identity technologies and clean room infrastructure
• Audience monetization strategies for both programmatic and direct sales
  
• Examples of how publishers are executing high-ROI identity strategies
• Checklists to get your identity project off the ground
  
  

📥 Download the guide and start building your own future-proof identity strategy today.

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The digital advertising ecosystem is in the midst of a transformative shift. The IAB Tech Lab’s recently announced Containerization Project introduces a much-needed rethink of how the infrastructure powering OpenRTB functions at scale. In an environment where bid requests can measure in the millions per second, or queries per second (QPS), this volume has created significant operational costs and complexity, making it harder than ever for new buy-side players to enter the space. The result? Slower innovation in areas like ad planning, targeting, and measurement.

Containerized bidding introduces a compelling solution: rather than having every buy-side system ingest and evaluate massive streams of bid requests, the intelligence can move closer to the supply. Containers offer an execution layer where bidding logic can run more efficiently and securely within publisher- or SSP-controlled environments. This rearchitecture creates opportunities not only to reduce waste but also to unleash new kinds of business models.

Here are four major impacts this shift could have on the future of advertising:

1. Rise in Outcome-Based Bidding Models

Containerization, paired with advancements in identity resolution, enables a new class of outcome-focused bidders to thrive. These are performance-driven platforms offering Facebook-style campaign outcomes—sales, app installs, web traffic—across the open web, CTV, and mobile.

Companies like Chalice AI, tvScientific and EDO exemplify this new approach. Instead of simply evaluating CPM or CTR, their optimization engines focus on real-world actions, using AI algorithms to learn from signal patterns—time of day, ad recency, geo-performance—and adjust in near real-time. Containers provide the runtime needed to deploy these models closer to the impression opportunity, with lower latency and higher efficiency.

This could reduce the market’s reliance on generalist, self-service DSPs and encourage the rise of specialized platforms optimized around verticals, audiences, or outcomes. Importantly, it could also unlock programmatic buying for previously underserved advertiser categories—like SMBs—by making performance more accessible and measurable.

2. Audience Extension Becomes Table Stakes for Challenger Gardens & Retail Media

Audience extension—the ability to target known users or high-value segments across properties outside a publisher’s own—is becoming a cornerstone offering for large media companies, retailers, and gaming platforms alike. With containerized execution environments, these players can develop proprietary tech for targeting, activation, and optimization without needing to export sensitive audience data via data marketplaces.

The growth of “challenger gardens” is particularly notable. Media owners like Dotdash Meredith are scaling solutions such as D/Cipher, while platforms like Unity are doubling down with offerings like Audience Hub, which enables privacy-first targeting across mobile and CTV.

Containerization makes it possible for these audience extension solutions to run securely and scalably across a fragmented media landscape, accelerating their adoption and effectiveness.

3. New Models for Buying & Selling Third-Party Data

Programmatic’s recent obsession with curation—the packaging of data and inventory to meet specific advertiser needs—has become a defining theme in media transactions. There are many flavors of curation, but one of the most promising is audience curation: building targeted, scalable audience segments that can be activated across large swaths of supply.

Historically, this process relied on third-party cookies and probabilistic matching within DSPs. But as signal loss accelerates and browser-based identifiers fade, containerization offers a new route. For those companies with strong first-party data around demographics, behavior, etc., containers provide the opportunity to activate that data directly and securely at the edge—enabling deterministic matching and precise measurement.

Experian’s acquisition of Audigent reflects this shift. By combining valuable data with media execution capabilities, companies like Experian are building new monetization models that will become increasingly viable as containerization matures.

4. Cost Efficiencies Across the Ecosystem

For years, programmatic has carried an operational tax—measured in infrastructure costs, latency, and opaque margins—due to the sheer scale of QPS it processes. Containerized bidding flips this model on its head by allowing supply to host only the bidding logic necessary for a given transaction, dramatically reducing waste.

This shift creates more sustainable economics—and potentially new business models—for everyone. Buyers can reduce fees previously justified by infrastructure scale, and tech vendors can specialize without needing to run global, always-on infrastructure. In the long term, this could foster a more competitive, efficient, and innovative marketplace.

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A New Architecture for a Smarter Ecosystem

The ad tech industry is often accused of being resistant to change. But containerized bidding is not just a technical refinement—it’s an architectural leap. By moving the intelligence closer to the supply, the industry can finally build systems that are more privacy-conscious, performance-oriented, and cost-efficient.

At Optable, we see this as part of a broader evolution: one where identity, data collaboration, and activation all converge in ways that benefit media owners and advertisers alike. The containerization movement is still early—and is a key part of this evolution—but its potential to level the playing field and catalyze innovation is immense. We’re excited to be part of the change.

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Why Identity Matters More Than Ever

Digital advertising has never been static—it evolves as rapidly as the open web it helps monetize. With each new platform, device, and channel, the digital ecosystem expands, creating new opportunities and complexities for publishers. As user behavior shifts and technology advances, strategies that once worked like third-party cookie-based targeting are becoming obsolete. Today, privacy regulations and user expectations have changed the game. Data can no longer flow freely through systems without oversight. While these shifts are necessary and positive for consumer protection, they introduce immediate challenges for publishers. Audience visibility, addressability, and campaign measurement are becoming more difficult to maintain. Publishers who once relied heavily on third-party signals must now build self-reliant, privacy-compliant infrastructures to continue delivering value to advertisers.

Understanding your audience—who just landed on your homepage or clicked into a newsletter—has never been more important or more difficult. Without a clear and persistent identity signal, publishers struggle to recognize returning users, personalize experiences, or segment audiences for targeted campaigns. As traditional identifiers fade and third-party signals deprecate, publishers must adopt new strategies to sustain revenue and deliver effective advertising. A first-party identity graph is a foundational step toward solving this challenge.

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Below, we offer brief guidance on where to start with the identity graph. To access the full guide with more details, recommendations, best practices, and case studies, download the Sell Side Guide to Identity here. 

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What Is a First-Party Identity Graph?

An identity graph is a framework that resolves fragmented signals into a unified audience view. In today’s multi-device, multi-platform environment, a single user can interact with content across mobile phones, desktops, tablets, and more, often anonymously or semi-anonymously. These interactions generate various data points, such as device IDs, cookies, email addresses, and IP addresses, which on their own offer limited insight. 

Through identity resolution, data is matched and linked—creating clusters that connect individual and household identifiers under a single, persistent profile. This process involves probabilistic and deterministic matching techniques to unify known and inferred identifiers over time, building a more complete picture of user behavior, preferences, and engagement patterns. Learn more about identity resolution on our blog.

The Importance of a First-Party Identity Graph

For publishers, creating a purpose-built identity graph means turning logged-in user data, subscriptions, and other deterministic signals into scalable, addressable audience assets. This includes data such as email addresses from newsletter sign-ups, customer IDs from subscription platforms, engagement history, and consent records. When properly ingested, matched, and maintained within a secure, centralized environment, these signals form the foundation for rich audience profiles that can power personalized content, audience segmentation, and advertising strategies. 

As third-party cookies become unreliable, owning and activating first-party data becomes mission-critical. A well-managed identity graph enables publishers to maintain addressability, improve ad performance, enhance user experiences, and meet privacy expectations, ensuring long-term sustainability and competitiveness. It’s your best defense against signal loss—and a smart way to future-proof your advertising business.

How Publishers Can Leverage First-Party Identity Graphs to Drive Results

With a first-party identity graph in place, publishers can unlock a new level of personalization across every user interaction. By consolidating data from multiple devices, channels, and engagement points into a single user profile, identity graphs provide a comprehensive understanding of individual audience members. This enables publishers to deliver content, ads, and experiences that feel relevant, timely, and aligned with each user’s preferences. Instead of relying on generic messaging, publishers can use behavioral and demographic insights to personalize experiences, recommend relevant content or products, and present ads that actually resonate. 

In addition to improving targeting, first-party identity graphs help publishers focus resources on high-value audiences, those most likely to engage, convert, and return. By obtaining unified profiles, publishers gain deeper insight into which users drive the most long-term value. Strategies can then be refined around these power users, with content tailored to their preferences and campaigns built to sustain loyalty. This approach not only maximizes ROI but also reduces wasted spend on disengaged or low-intent audiences.

Finally, first-party identity graphs offer a key advantage through real-time adaptability. As user behaviors shift whether due to changing interests, external events, or seasonal trends, identity graphs can instantly reflect those changes across all systems. This dynamic responsiveness ultimately leads to stronger performance metrics, better user satisfaction, and greater operational efficiency.

By integrating a robust first-party identity graph into their data strategy, publishers can transform audience understanding into meaningful business outcomes.

Where to Start: Set Goals and Assemble the Right Team

Building identity infrastructure is not a siloed initiative. It must be cross-functional, coordinated, and strategically aligned. Start by forming a working group that brings together: Data Strategy/Product Manager, AdOps or Data Operations, Data Scientists, Data Engineering, Audience/Direct Sales, and legal team.

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Define how you will measure success for each of the use cases. Here is an example of what to measure to evaluate your overall data and identity strategy

• Authentication rate growth (overall and by domain)
• Match rate improvement across key partners (e.g. SSPs, DMPs, CDPs)
• Share of authenticated vs. anonymous impressions served
• Percentage of impressions enriched
  

Audit and Centralize Your Data

Before building your graph, conduct a full audit of your first-party data ecosystem. Identify where user data is collected, how it's stored, and how it's managed across the teams and organization. This includes understanding which teams have access to the data, how permissions are managed, what formats the data exists in, and any current gaps or redundancies. Additionally, include licensed third-party datasets in the review to understand how external data sources complement or overlap with your owned data, and assess their relevance, accuracy, and compliance.

Centralizing this data, ideally in a cloud data warehouse or trusted platform, ensures consistency and scalability of your dataset. Focus on deterministic identifiers like hashed email addresses, which are privacy-compliant and durable across environments. These identifiers form the backbone of identity resolution and enable accurate audience targeting and cross-device recognition.

Make Authentication a Strategic Priority

Authentication is the cornerstone of a robust identity graph, yet many publishers still see less than 30% of traffic from authenticated users. As cookies disappear and traffic fluctuates, increasing authentication becomes urgent. Without a sufficient volume of authenticated users, identity graphs become less effective and insights become more fragmented.

Common strategies include: platform-based login (e.g., Google, Meta), premium subscriptions or paywalls, email/newsletter sign-ups, and gated content. Test and optimize these methods to increase login adoption and build a reliable first-party data set.

Monetize Your Identity Graph: Direct and Programmatic

Once your identity graph is set, it becomes a powerful tool to maximize yield across both direct and programmatic channels. Learn more about how identity graphs amplify publisher revenue.

Direct Ad Sales

• Build high-value audience segments using both deterministic data and contextual insights.
• Enrich those audiences with licensed third-party attributes to expand reach and improve relevance.
  Collaborate with brands in clean rooms to generate custom segments based on overlapping user profiles.

These tactics unlock better-targeted media plans, deeper advertiser relationships, and higher deal values.

Programmatic Revenue

• Enrich bid requests with deterministic IDs to increase win rates and CPMs.
• Support audience curation strategies by offering exclusive segments with high engagement or conversion potential.
• Lead data marketplace monetization through anonymized audience segments or contextual overlays.
  

These strategies, powered by identity graphs, improve fill rates and ROI while maintaining compliance.

Choose the Right Data and Technology Partners

The success of your identity strategy depends on the partners you select. Look for solutions that integrate into your existing tech stack and enhance your ability to deliver addressable, privacy-safe advertising.

Key partner types include:

• Identity Enrichment Partners: Provide additional identifiers (e.g., hashed emails, universal IDs) to expand reach across browsers, devices, and platforms.
• Audience Attribute Providers: Add demographic, behavioral, and intent data layers to increase segmentation depth and targeting accuracy.
• Audience Curation Platforms: Offer premium packaging of your audience segments for programmatic buyers—often managing enrichment, segmentation, and sales representation on your behalf.
  

As you evaluate potential partners, consider the following variables:

• Data Quality and Transparency: The foundation of any identity graph is the quality, credibility, and integrity of its underlying data. Top-tier partners will be transparent about how their data is collected, processed, and maintained.
• Compliance with Privacy Regulations: Privacy should be non-negotiable. Ensure your partners demonstrate strict adherence to global and regional privacy laws. As the industry moves away from third-party cookies, prioritize partners who leverage cookie-less methodologies and are capable of building identity graphs using deterministic signals, consented first-party data, and secure identifiers like hashed emails.
• Data Scale and Coverage: The broader and more diverse the dataset, the more robust your identity graph will be. Seek partners that offer access to rich, multidimensional data sourced from reputable, privacy-compliant channels. Greater scale means more accurate audience modeling and improved campaign performance.
• Data Relevance and Freshness: It’s not just about volume. Data must be timely and aligned with your business needs. If your strategy depends on knowing user lifestyle habits or purchase intent, your partner’s dataset should reflect those dimensions. Real-time or frequent data refreshes ensure your identity graph evolves alongside your audience, maintaining accuracy and effectiveness as user behavior changes.

Vet each partner for privacy compliance, interoperability, and track record with publisher integrations. Strong partners should demonstrate both technical reliability and a proven ability to drive results in publisher-specific use cases. By choosing the right partners based on these criteria, publishers can ensure that their identity infrastructure is both future-proof and capable of driving measurable business results.

Ready to Build? Download the Sell-Side Guide to Identity

This article is just the beginning. Our full guide offers a comprehensive playbook for publishers building a first-party identity graph. You’ll learn:

• How to future-proof your monetization strategy as cookies and device IDs disappear
• Proven methods for building a first-party identity graph that drives performance
• Smart tactics to boost authenticated users with logins, subscriptions, and engagement tools
• Privacy-first frameworks to stay compliant and earn user trust
• Real-world use cases to drive ROI across programmatic, direct sales, and data collaboration
• Examples of how leading publishers are partnering on identity to unlock new revenue streams

Download the guide now.

In today's fragmented digital landscape, publishers are grappling with a complex web of audience interactions. A single user might read an article on your website, listen to a related podcast in a mobile app, and watch a show on their CTV, often while remaining anonymous across interactions. As more and more ecosystems claw back identifiers and other signals available, the urgency for publishers to build a robust audience strategy anchored in first-party data has never been greater. The cornerstone of this strategy is the "golden record", a single, persistent, and unified view of each and every visitor.

However, this is a challenging feat for most media owners that often operate within a highly complex data landscape. This isn’t just about data consolidation; it's about building a foundation for deeper personalization, creating durable audience segments, and maximizing ad revenues. For both enterprise and mid-market publishers, mastering the golden record is key to unlocking true audience intelligence and driving sustainable growth.

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The publisher-specific challenge: navigating a sea of fragments

Publishers are uniquely positioned to benefit from deep audience understanding, yet they also face unique challenges in building these comprehensive profiles. Unlike other businesses that may rely more heavily on simple deterministic data, publishers must navigate a more complex environment:

• Different Domains: A user may interact with a parent company's news site and a subsidiary's lifestyle blog. Without a unifying strategy, these appear as two separate individuals.
• Multiple Business Units: Data from your subscriptions team, advertising operations, and events department often live in separate systems, preventing a holistic view.
• Various Channels and Devices: The modern user journey is a complex web of touchpoints across desktops, smartphones, tablets, and CTVs. Linking these activities to a single person is a primary hurdle.
• High Volume of Anonymous Traffic: Publishers typically see a significant proportion of anonymous users, often more than 90% of their traffic. This limits deterministic identity matching and requires a more sophisticated approach.

This fragmentation not only leads to disjointed user experiences but for a publisher poses significant challenges to understanding total reach. Achieving total reach is difficult, particularly due to the complexity introduced by evolving activation strategies and these fragmented datasets. Accurate forecasting is crucial, as it directly impacts a publisher’s ability to enhance partnerships with advertisers and maximize revenue opportunities across their entire ad stack.

To effectively overcome these challenges, you need a comprehensive strategy anchored by robust identity resolution and consolidated golden records; unifying fragmented visitor data and transforming anonymous interactions into actionable audience intelligence.

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Building your golden record

Creating a golden record is a strategic process that requires clarity, a commitment to privacy, and the right technical approach.

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1. Clearly define your objectives

Start by setting clear goals tailored to your specific team and strategic priorities. Are you aiming to enhance subscriber conversion, increase precision in ad targeting, maximize advertising revenues, or strengthen reader loyalty? Your chosen objectives will shape every aspect of your data strategy, from the insights you generate to the technologies you implement. It's important to recognize that other teams such as Marketing often pursue distinct goals compared to direct sales teams, requiring specialized insights and integrations. While sales teams leverage golden records to transition from selling generic inventory to selling highly targeted, valuable audiences, Marketing teams may utilize the same golden records differently, like focusing instead on insights that drive customer engagement, brand perception, and long-term loyalty. Ultimately, your golden record isn't merely defensive protection against signal loss; it’s a dynamic tool driving revenue growth across diverse organizational objectives.

2. Prioritize privacy, compliance, and consent

In an era of GDPR and CCPA, transparently managing user consent is non-negotiable. Building trust is paramount. According to Accenture, 62% of consumers prefer transparency regarding how their data is used, which significantly impacts trust and retention. Implementing a robust privacy framework and integrating with the right consent management platform will ensure consent signals are accurately captured, respected, and honored at every touchpoint.

But consent management isn't solely about legal compliance; it's also about establishing and strengthening trust with advertisers. Central to this trust is ID provenance which clearly traces the origins and validity associated with each identifier. Leveraging identifiers rooted in deterministic data, supported by clear provenance, provides advertisers with assurance and confidence in audience accuracy, enabling them to trust the quality and precision of their targeted campaigns. This isn't merely about avoiding risk, it's a strategic advantage that fosters long-term, trusted relationships with both consumers and advertisers.

3. Adopt a Hybrid Approach to Identity Resolution

Given the unique challenges publishers face, a hybrid approach blending deterministic and probabilistic matching is essential:

• Deterministic Matching: This is ideal for your authenticated, known users (e.g., subscribers, registered members). It relies on precise, user-provided data like hashed email addresses and user IDs to create a strong foundation for a profile.
• Probabilistic Matching: Crucial for resolving the identities of anonymous visitors, this method employs predictive modeling and statistical inference. It uses signals like device type, IP address, and browsing behavior to link activities that likely belong to the same person, turning unknown visitors into addressable audience members.

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Technical best practices and key concepts

With a clear strategy, the focus shifts to execution. Implementing technical best practices ensures your golden record is accurate, scalable, and actionable.

The identity graph that adapts to your needs

The output of identity resolution is your identity graph, a dynamic database mapping all available identifiers (both deterministic and probabilistic) and attributes back to individual golden records. More than just a static repository, a flexible identity graph adapts its structure to meet varying business objectives, data sources, and use cases. This adaptability ensures your identity graph isn't constrained by a rigid, one-size-fits-all approach, but instead evolves continuously to serve precise, goal-oriented applications, enabling robust golden records and accurate user traceability.

Unified identity management and real-time integrations

Invest in a robust identity management solution capable of integrating identifiers in real-time across devices, sessions, and platforms. Real-time capabilities are essential for instantly applying insights to user interactions, whether for content personalization or targeted advertising.

Data quality, survivorship, and consistency

When merging data from multiple sources, conflicts are inevitable. This is where survivorship, or the process of defining rules to determine which attribute "wins", becomes critical. Publishers need flexible control to prioritize data from the most trusted sources or based on the most recent activity. Consistent data cleansing and normalization are equally vital. Effective data quality practices can increase analytics effectiveness by up to 30%. [Accenture]

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Creating durable, trusted audience segments

With a clean and comprehensive golden record for every visitor, publishers can move beyond simplistic segmentation. You can create durable, trusted audience segments that are not reliant on fleeting third-party cookies. These segments are built on rich, first-party data, allowing for highly specific and valuable targeting.

Imagine creating segments like:

• "Loyal readers who also listen to our finance podcast and have attended a virtual event."
• "Anonymous users who have read three articles about technology on a mobile device in the past week."
• "Subscribers who are at risk of churning, based on declining engagement across all channels."

These actionable insights allow for precise content personalization, targeted advertising campaigns, and effective subscription models.

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Activation: Powering Direct Sales with First-Party Insights

A golden record isn't just a defensive asset for a cookieless world; it's a powerful engine for revenue growth. One of the most immediate and impactful ways to activate this data is by empowering your direct sales team to shift from selling inventory to selling audiences.

This marks a fundamental change in the sales motion. Instead of responding to RFPs with generic "run-of-site" impressions, the sales team can proactively build data-driven narratives and bespoke targeting solutions for advertisers. With a rich, unified view of the audience, your sales team can:

• Create custom, high-value segments: Imagine an auto brand wants to reach "affluent users in the Northeast who have read three or more car reviews in the last 30 days." A golden record makes building and activating this segment trivial. Sales can work directly with advertisers to co-create these highly specific, premium audiences that command higher CPMs.
• Tell a data-driven story: Sales is longer limited to talking about reach and demographics. They can present advertisers with compelling insights, such as, "We have an audience of 150,000 users who show a strong affinity for sustainable investing and also read our travel content, making them a perfect fit for your eco-tourism campaign."
• Deliver superior campaign performance: By targeting campaigns based on rich behavioral data like content affinity, media format preference, and purchase intent signals, publishers can deliver far better results for advertisers, strengthening partnerships and encouraging repeat business.

This direct-sold approach, powered by first-party data, allows publishers to take control of their revenue strategy, build stronger advertiser relationships, and command the premium prices their unique audiences deserve.

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Practical expectations: the myth of the perfect record

It's important to set realistic expectations. Don’t try chasing the unrealistic goal of a perfect, singular customer record for every single user. Data is fluid, and peoples' behaviors change. Instead, publishers should aim for actionable, continuously refined insights. The goal is progress, not perfection.

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A note on CDPs: Why most fall short for publisher monetization

Customer Data Platforms (CDPs) have become central to the modern data stack, and for good reason. They excel at unifying known customer data. However, publishers often discover significant shortcomings when relying on standard CDPs, particularly in monetization scenarios.

Many legacy CDPs were designed primarily for retail businesses, where the main objective is managing an authenticated customer's journey from email campaigns through to purchases. This approach, often termed a "first-party architecture," unifies data around a known identifier such as an email address.

This model breaks down in the publisher ecosystem. Even for authenticated users, a conventional CDP struggles due to the fragmented nature of media consumption. For instance, if a premium subscriber logs into your website but accesses your Connected TV (CTV) app anonymously, a basic CDP typically perceives these sessions as separate individuals. Its identity graph lacks the sophistication required to link authenticated web sessions with anonymous CTV sessions of the same user. Consequently, publishers cannot reliably apply subscription benefits, such as an ad-free experience, or effectively manage ad frequency across multiple touchpoints of a single, valuable subscriber.

This problem becomes even more pronounced because a majority of publisher traffic remains anonymous. A standard CDP often lacks the advanced probabilistic identity graph capabilities needed to convert anonymous traffic into addressable audiences. Without robust tools to connect fragmented anonymous signals across various devices and sessions into cohesive, persistent profiles, publishers are unable to leverage the bulk of their audience data effectively. This creates a critical gap between subscription marketing efforts and advertising strategies.

For publishers, the ultimate goal extends beyond merely unifying customer data. They need to build addressable audiences at scale. Achieving this demands a solution specifically engineered to handle the complexities of media monetization across all user states, both known and anonymous.

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Real-world business value

A successful golden record initiative will deliver measurable business value. By overcoming the challenges of fragmentation and implementing best practices, you can achieve non-trival returns:

• Enhanced Ad Revenue: Precise segmentation and improved targeting can lead to a ~10% increase in ad revenue. [LaPresse]
• Improved Subscriber Acquisition and Retention: Publishers who deliver personalized content experiences through unified audience profiles see up to a 29% reduction in subscriber churn. [SOURCE]
• Increased Revenue and ROI: Companies that use first-party data for key marketing functions can achieve up to a 2.9X revenue uplift and a 1.5X increase in cost savings. [SOURCE]
• Improved Cost Efficiency: Linking first-party data sources can improve cost efficiency by 1.5 times. For customer acquisition, a clear strategy can lead to a 25% reduction in Cost Per Acquisition (CPA). [SOURCE]
• Enhanced Customer Retention: Improving customer retention by just 2% can have the same financial impact as cutting costs by 10%, highlighting the value of personalized experiences driven by unified data. [SOURCE]

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Moving forward

Despite the inherent complexities, building a golden record tailored to a publisher's unique environment provides a clear competitive advantage. It cuts through the noise of fragmented data to provide a clear, actionable, and unified view of your audience. By focusing on data unification, identity resolution, and building durable audience segments, you have the power to create more relevant experiences, drive revenue with partners, and build stronger, more resilient relationships with your visitors. Ultimately, those who successfully master their first-party data will excel in the increasingly personalized, audience-driven future of publishing.

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How Optable can help

Optable simplifies the complexities publishers face when building golden records. With advanced capabilities in deterministic matching, real-time integration, and robust privacy management, Optable enables publishers to quickly unify fragmented audience data, turn anonymous traffic into addressable audiences, and enhance personalization and monetization opportunities.

Ready to build a stronger, smarter visitor profile? Contact Optable today and discover how our solutions can accelerate your path to an actionable golden record.

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